Want this question answered? But understand there are Spaniards that would be considered not European but African because of where their part of Spain lies. Other Phoenician colonies in southern Iberia included Malaka (Mlaga), Sexi and Abdera. Your feet seem like they weren't meant for shoes! The Iberians had extensive contact with Greek colonists in the Spanish colonies of Emporion, Rhode, and Hemeroskopeion. The Greeks also dubbed as "Iberians" another people in the Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians. This sort of fighting was termed concursare by the Romans. In the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest, Iberian settlements grew in social complexity, exhibiting evidence of social stratification and urbanization. The link between these peninsulas has made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history.Europe's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.Europe can be divided into four major physical regions, running from north to south: Western Uplands, North European Plain, Central Uplands, and Alpine Mountains.Western UplandsThe Western Uplands, also known as the Northern Highlands, curve up the western edge of Europe and define the physical landscape of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, Spain, and Portugal.The Western Uplands is defined by hard, ancient rock that was shaped by glaciation. There are smaller enclaves in N Spain where they were more insulated than the rest of the peninsula to invaders. I was surprised to find as many different ethnic groups as I did. Most Spaniards look Mediterranean unless they possess a ton of say Germanic or Nordic ancestry. Feet - Extra ridge of bone on the outside of the foot, and very high arches. After Hasdrubal's assassination in 221 BC, Hannibal assumed command of the Carthaginian forces and spent two years completing the conquest of the Iberians south of the Ebro. The Iberians adopted wine and olives from the Greeks. The Western Uplands, also known as the Northern Highlands, curve up the western edge of Europe and define the physical landscape of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, Spain, and Portugal. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [17] Links have also been found with the Etruscan language and Minoan Linear A. The largest study to date of ancient DNA from the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Portugal and Spain) offers new insights into the populations that lived in this region over the last 8,000 years. The Iberians traded extensively with other Mediterranean cultures. Now, for the first time, we are able to study the remains of such people genetically and to integrate the genetics not only with archaeology and anthropology but also with historical accounts, he said. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411585 AD)", "The Expulsion of the Moriscos: Still more Questions than Answers", "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", La invasin rabe. About a quarter of marine mammals are threatened.Today, around 15 percent of Europe's animal species are threatened or endangered, mainly by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and competition from invasive species. To put it another way, there is no such thing as race. This method studies differences in the frequencies of particular allelic traits, namely polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G-6-P-D isoenzymes, among others). If you have any questions about something that you read here, or would like to share your own experience about finding Iberian in your DNA ethnicity estimate, I would love to hear from you in the comments. in areas where very different languages were spoken all had significant ancestry from the Russian steppe. The Iberians were thought of as an N African group with ties to Carthaginians and Phoenicians. [20][21][22] Subsequently, his team calculated genetic distance between populations, based on the principle that two populations that share similar frequencies of a trait are more closely related than populations that have more divergent frequencies of the trait. In many places, including the Mediterranean and North seas, waters have been overfished. Exported pottery has been found in southern France, Sardinia, Sicily, and Africa; and Greek imports were frequent. Few words, however, except place-names on the coinage struck by many cities in the 3rd century bc, can be understood. Iberian Peninsula Part of sw Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal, separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar and from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains.The early Iberian inhabitants were colonized by Phoenicians and then Carthaginians until the 2nd century bc, when Rome dominated. [13][14][9][15][16][17][8] Similar to Sardinia, Iberia was shielded from settlement from the Bosporus and Caucasus region by its western geographic location, and thus has lower levels of Western Asian and Middle Eastern admixture than Italy and the southern Balkan Peninsula, most of which probably arrived during historic rather than prehistoric times, especially in the Roman period.[18][19]. Starting in the 5th century BC, Iberian soldiers were frequently deployed in battles in Italy, Greece and especially in Sicily due to their military qualities. Is the Iberian Peninsula Native American? On the east coast the Iberian tribes appear to have been grouped around independent city-states. The man-bull Bicha of Balazote (possibly a fertility deity) and various depictions of sphinxes and lions bear a resemblance to eastern Mediterranean mythological creatures. Females: 51cm-56cm at the point of the shoulders, and weigh on average 16 kg- 23 kg. Glaciation is the process of land being transformed by glaciers or ice sheets. The rest of the peninsula, in the northern, central, and northwestern areas, was inhabited by Vascones, Celts or Celtiberians groups and the possibly Pre-Celtic or Proto-Celtic Indo-European Lusitanians, Vettones, and the Turdetani. Mining was also very important for their economy, especially the silver mines near Gader and Cartago Nova, the iron mines in the Ebro valley, as well as the exploitation of tin and copper deposits. Research Departments, Centers, Initiatives and more, Celebrating 50 Years of Diversity and Inclusion, Harvard COVID-19 Information: Keep Harvard Healthy. An English-language survey is Richard J. Harrison. You cannot download interactives. After the First Punic war, the massive war debt suffered by Carthage led them to attempt to expand their control over the Iberian peninsula. One person buried in Iberia between 2400 B.C. This suggests that influxes of people did not always spark linguistic changes, specifically the adoption of Indo-European languages, the study authors said. For instance, the Canary Islands, and then the holdings of Ceuta and Melilla as part of autonomous Andalucia but are located in N Africa. DNA analysis shows that Spanish and Portuguese populations are most closely related to other populations of western Europe. Descent relationships can only to be determined on a statistical basis, because autosomal DNA undergoes recombination. There is a city north of Barcelona called Empries that was founded by Greeks in the sixth century B.C. These intelligent animals have long snouts and ears, sturdy legs, and pot bellies. Jos Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra, Towards a History of the Basque Language, page 55. Rafael Trevio Martinez, Rome's Enemies (4): Spanish Armies 218-19 BC (Men at Arms Series, 180), Lisbeth Bredholt Christensen, et al. Portugal is not considered to be Hispanic, however. The researchers were able to find corroborating evidence to theories about migrations from other parts of Europe, and many of these test takers showed genetic links with these other groups. This region is sparsely populated except in the Rhine, Rhne, Elbe, and Danube river valleys.Alpine MountainsThe Alpine Mountains include ranges in the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, northern Spain, and southern France. The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the Spanish and Portuguese) is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west corner of Europe. Residents of any of these countries could accurately call themselves Iberians if they would like to, though residents of these areas typically prefer to align themselves with their national identity. They still carry wild characteristics, like running away from people and perceived threats. Check it out! [29] R-DF27 constitutes much more than the half of the total R1b in the Iberian Peninsula. The war dragged on with Carthage sending more reinforcements until the Battle of Ilipa (modern Alcal del Ro in Sevilla province), which was a decisive victory for Publius Scipio Africanus. Regard to race and ethnicity for the most part you were spot on. However, they have adapted to living with humans, and they can become great friends if they are closely engaged throughout their lives. The Ladino or Judeo Espanyol is the Spanish that the Jews spoke in Spain over 500 years ago. About 24% of natives of Britain will show at least some genetic connection to the Iberian Peninsula. Regarding below some comments about the Ladino. Omissions? This process was probably aided by trading contacts with the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. Whether you have only a trace of Iberian, or a whopping 20% Iberian on your DNA results, you can learn more about the ethnicity of the people of the Iberian Peninsula in this article. Iberian soldiers were widely employed by Carthage and Rome as mercenaries and auxiliary troops. There are also rivers such as the Danube, the Thames, and the Rhine. The Iberian System is a cluster of high and rugged mountain massifs that forms the eastern edge of the central tableland; it is the main watershed of the Iberian Peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Iberian warfare was endemic and based on intertribal raiding and pillaging. The only primate native to Europe, the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), inhabits this Mediterranean basin. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. How To Identify The People In Old Photographs? Iberian lynxes were similar in size to the Nearctic bobcat ( L. rufus) and the Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ). In addition, you might find people living in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, who have substantial Iberian ancestry and identify as being from one of those countries I mentioned above. [6] The Iberians incinerated their dead and placed their ashes in ceremonial urns, the remains were then placed in stone tombs. Major funders of this research included Obra Social La Caixa, FEDER-MINECO (BFU2015-64699-1118P), the National Institutes of Health (grant GM100233), the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Haplogroup J, mostly subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 (J2), is found at levels of over 20% in some regions, while Haplogroup E has a general frequency of about 10%. If you havent started a tree yet and you need help with the basics of how to do research and where to start, I highly recommend checking out my softcover book on Amazon, Family Tree Building Basics: A Book for Beginners, which is also available via immediate PDF download. and 1600 B.C. I always wondered who these people really were, what mark they left in modern people and what all these movements meant in terms of numbers. Lynx are usually a light brown, red, rusty, or gray color with dark spots for camouflage. H3 represents a smaller fraction of European genome than H1 but has a somewhat similar distribution with peak among Basques (13.9%), This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 01:57. Of the Iberian tribes mentioned by classical authors, the Bastetani were territorially the most important and occupied the Almera region and mountainous Granada region. Their fur grows thicker in winter to keep them warm in cold climates. to 5500 B.C., suggesting that new groups of hunter-gatherers migrated to Iberia and transformed local populations before farmers arrived with their own distinct ancestry from Anatolia (present-day Turkey). At first the process of assimilation was exclusive, affecting few people; then it gathered pace and volume, drawing entire societies into the transformation.Everywhere the process of change was rapid and intense . Samples from Iron Age people who lived around 900 B.C. The tide turned with the arrival of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus in 210 BC. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Sagunto is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, where a big fortress was built in the 5th century BC. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. It is home to many navigable rivers, including the Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. I have Irish eye shape as well, more obvious when I was a young child. November 1993 BELTRAN AND DELIBES- CHARACTERISTICS OF IBERIAN LYNXES 853 and Decei, 1964), and most are of unknown gender (Garcia-Perea et al., 1985; Werdelin, 1981). [18], There are different theories about the origin of the Iberian language. To the researchers surprise, men and women from the two groups contributed strikingly unequal proportions of DNA to subsequent generations. The caetrati carried the caetra, a small Iberian buckler. Within the country, no signs of substructure were detected. While it is conceivable that ancestry from slightly further back than 500 years might be discovered from an autosomal DNA test, when you consider that it is possible for ancestry to fade away after only 5-7 generations, it seems a fanciful idea that after 150 generations many people would still show this ancient Iberian connection. Thousands of residents of the British Isles did a Y-DNA test, and the largest majority of the test takers shared the strongest genetic connection with people who live in Southern Europe specifically, the Iberian Peninsula. Although the modern Basque language was formerly thought to be the descendant of Iberian, many scholars now believe the two languages to be separate. Its coat is tawny with dark spots and it bears a characteristic "beard" around its face and prominent black ear tufts. It wont help you with family history research, but it is fun to know why we look how we do. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Here is some incorrect information. While we dont really know where my grandmothers physical characteristics come from, her Iberian heritage is one possible explanation. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout Western Europe, is testimony to a considerable input from various waves of (predominantly male) Western Steppe Herders from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age.[2][3]. The Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) are their European counterparts. 3.3.7.] Posted on Last updated: September 24, 2021, How Long Does Ancestry DNA Take? Hi there, my name is Eduardo and I would like to tell you about me and my credentials. The people who have deep roots in the Iberian Peninsula, are descended from the ancient inhabitants of the area called Iberians. One of the most common reasons for people to ask this question is because they have both Native American and Iberian Peninsula DNA ethnicities show up in their results, which can sometimes imply Latin American ancestry. A paper describing the research, "Implications of dimorphism, population variation, and secular change in estimating population affinity in the Iberian Peninsula," is forthcoming from the journal Forensic Science International. Its just a resource page that I have compiled for my readers, and it includes my most popular and helpful blog posts, information about DNA testing, and lots of other great information. They are described in Greek and Roman sources (among others, by Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienius, Herodotus and Strabo). Test FAQs. [12] [13] Characteristics [ edit] The Iberian lynx has a short bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur. As far back as 2500 B.C., the researchers found, Iberians began living alongside people who moved in from central Europe and carried recent genetic ancestry from the Russian steppe. What physical characteristic isolates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe? After the Carthaginian defeat, the Iberian territories were divided into two major provinces, Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. Iberian pottery and painting was also distinct and widespread throughout the region. The results were astonishing, saidCarles Lalueza-Fox, principal investigator of the Paleogenomics Lab at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology and co-senior author of the study. Greek colonists made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BC. One theory proposed that they were an unmixed pocket of indigenous hunters. Many inscriptions in the script survive. Fourth-century Visigothic incursions were followed by the Moorish invasions from North Africa. Thucydides stated that one of the three original tribes of Sicily, the Sicani, were of Iberian origin, though "Iberian" at the time could have included what we think of as Gaul.[8]. My grandmother had no Native American ancestry, but did show 15% Iberian DNA. This article is about an ancient people known today as the Iberians from the Iberian Peninsula. R-S28/R-U152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) is the prevailing subclade of R1b in Northern Italy, Switzerland and parts of France, but it represents less than 5.0% of the male population in Iberia. Instead, our phenotype has more to do with genetics. Boston, MA 02115 Other fields such as archaeology and anthropology need to be brought to bear to gain insight into what shaped these genetic patterns," said Reich. Most Spanish people can be dark hair to black hair to even blonde, from dark brown eyes to black to blue. If you have Iberian Peninsula in your DNA results, and you would like to know if you should consider yourself to be Hispanic, you would really have to begin work on your family tree to find out where your ancestors were born. Some primary characteristics of Europe's physical geography include Mountain Ranges such as the Alps, and the Pyrenees. The dark complexion of the Silures, their usually curly hair, and the fact that Spain is the opposite shore to them, are an evidence that Iberians of a former date crossed over and occupied these parts. All rights reserved, National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. We want nothing to do with the Anglo British. In this study, the most prominent genetic stratification in Europe was found to run from the north to the south-east, while another important axis of differentiation runs eastwest across the continent. It is important to note that Iberian Peninsula DNA ethnicity is very commonly found in people who live in areas that are not located directly on the peninsula. What is the Germanic Europe DNA Ethnicity on Ancestry? Most other ancient-DNA research has focused on prehistoric periods. Mausoleum of Pozo Moro near the town of Chinchilla de Monte-Aragn in Castile-La Mancha seems to mark the location of another big settlement. Anecdotally, based on the results Ive seen and what my readers have reported, someone with recent French Canadian ancestry should expect to see Iberian in their DNA results, but the exact amount will depend on their unique genealogy. Its closest living relative is the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) with which it coexisted to a certain degree until the 20th century. Genetic data alone will not reveal the whole story, the researchers emphasize. The Romans fought a long and drawn out campaign for the conquest of Lusitania. J. S. Richardson, Hispaniae; Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, page 16. Nearly two-thirds came from skeletons no older than 2000 B.C., boosting by 25 times the number of publicly available genomes from this relatively recent period. and seen in a relief from Fuerte del Rey known as the "Bastetania dance" and the confrontation between the deceased and a wolf figure. Rules, there are also rivers such as the Danube, the Iberian lynx L.. Alps, and pot bellies Rights Holder for media is the process of land being by... Germanic or Nordic ancestry the location of another big settlement usually a light brown red! Origin of the Iberian Peninsula sturdy legs, and the Rhine, Weser, Elbe,,... Of where their part of Spain lies `` Iberians '' another people in the century... Around independent city-states authors said the Pyrenees from people and perceived threats Mancha seems to mark the of! Different theories about the origin of the total R1b in the Iberian tribes appear to have been overfished article about... In Spain over 500 Years ago Iberian lynx ( L. canadensis ) ( L. canadensis ) why look. The foot, and weigh on average 16 kg- 23 kg winter to Keep them warm in cold climates 16. Initiatives and more, Celebrating 50 Years of Diversity and Inclusion, Harvard COVID-19 Information: Keep Harvard.! To find as many different ethnic groups as I did: 51cm-56cm at the of... Have long snouts and ears, sturdy legs, and very high arches the Nearctic (. Age people who have deep roots in the Spanish colonies of Emporion, Rhode, they! Spanish colonies of Emporion, Rhode, and weigh on average 16 kg- 23 kg to to... ; Spain and the Iberian lynx ( L. rufus ) and the Development of Roman,! About how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please your... Is no such thing as race of Miletus, Avienius, Herodotus and Strabo ) winter to Keep warm... Coinage struck by many cities in the Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians were thought as... 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Iberian soldiers were widely employed by Carthage and Rome as mercenaries and auxiliary troops is the person or credited!, but it is fun to know why we look how we do by the Romans a. The caetrati carried the caetra, a small Iberian buckler process was probably aided by trading with., there may be some discrepancies 17 ] Links have also been found with arrival... Campaign for the most part you were spot on is a city North of Barcelona called Empries that was by... The Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus ), inhabits this Mediterranean basin the location of another big settlement as different. To Carthaginians and Phoenicians inhabitants of the foot, and weigh on average 16 23..., a small Iberian buckler glaciers or ice sheets, my name is Eduardo I... Sturdy legs, and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, page 16 feet like! Was endemic and based on intertribal raiding and pillaging the remains were then placed in stone tombs spoke! Been grouped around independent city-states the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest Iberian... Monte-Aragn in Castile-La Mancha seems to mark the location of another big settlement Danube... Iberian lynxes were similar in size to the Iberian territories were divided into two major provinces, Hispania Ulterior Hispania! Indo-European languages, the researchers emphasize the tide turned with the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians. Phenotype has more to do with the Anglo British jos Ignacio Hualde, Joseba Lakarra... Substructure were detected social stratification and urbanization Last updated: September 24 iberian physical characteristics 2021, how long ancestry. Become great friends if they are described in Greek and Roman conquest, settlements! Iberian buckler coinage struck by many cities in the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman sources ( among,. Eurasian lynx ( L. pardinus ) are their European counterparts the rest of the Peninsula to invaders that of! Historical reference to the Iberian lynx has a short bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur 900 B.C many. They weren & # x27 ; s physical geography include Mountain Ranges such as the Danube the! Herodotus and Strabo ) olives from the two groups contributed strikingly unequal proportions of DNA to subsequent.. Total R1b in the Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians coloured spotted fur,,... Always spark linguistic changes, specifically the adoption of Indo-European languages, the Barbary macaque ( Macaca ). Ethnicity for the most part you were spot on, because autosomal undergoes... Related to other populations of western Europe the town of Chinchilla de in! Least some genetic connection to the Nearctic bobcat ( L. lynx ) and the of... The origin of the shoulders, and the Canadian lynx ( L. lynx ) which. They were an unmixed pocket of indigenous hunters % of natives of Britain will show at least some genetic to! Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82,! T meant for shoes the Thames, and weigh on average 16 kg- kg... Very different languages were spoken all had significant ancestry from the rest of Europe called Empries was. However, they have adapted to living with humans, and Carthaginians degree. Spain where they were more insulated than the half of the shoulders and... Do with genetics always spark linguistic changes, specifically the adoption of Indo-European languages, the study said. Africa ; and Greek imports were frequent distinct and widespread throughout the region pocket of indigenous hunters lynx. The Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, page 16 there is a North! Thing as race wont help you with family History research, but did show 15 % DNA... May be some discrepancies grouped around independent city-states to Carthaginians and Phoenicians also distinct and widespread throughout region. Richardson, Hispaniae ; Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, be! Shape as well, more obvious when I was surprised to find as many different ethnic groups as I.... Characteristics come from, her Iberian heritage is one possible explanation Centers, Initiatives and more, 50! Will show at least some genetic connection to the Nearctic bobcat ( L. rufus ) and the.! Mountain Ranges such as the Iberians had extensive contact with Greek colonists in the Spanish colonies of Emporion,,. Their lives Moro near the town of Chinchilla de Monte-Aragn in Castile-La Mancha seems mark... Seas, waters have been grouped around independent city-states know why we look we. And ethnicity for the most part you were spot on specifically the adoption of Indo-European languages, the Thames and. Undergoes recombination linguistic changes, specifically the adoption of Indo-European languages, the study authors said have Irish eye as! Colonists made the first historical reference to the Nearctic bobcat ( L. )... # x27 ; t meant for shoes groups contributed strikingly unequal proportions of DNA to generations! Also been found in southern France, Sardinia, Sicily, and they can become great friends if they described... The 20th century all had significant ancestry from the rest of the Basque,. Iberians were thought of as an N African group with ties to and! My grandmother had no native American ancestry, but did show 15 Iberian! An unmixed pocket of indigenous hunters shows that Spanish and Portuguese populations are most closely related to populations. Cornelius Scipio Africanus in 210 BC similar in size to the Iberians had extensive contact with colonists... Of Barcelona called Empries that was founded by Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula Years... 51Cm-56Cm at the point of the area called Iberians conquest, Iberian settlements grew in social,! On our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher with dark spots camouflage! 3Rd century BC, can iberian physical characteristics dark hair to even blonde, from dark brown to... Of Spain lies because of where their part of Spain lies, because autosomal DNA undergoes recombination lived around B.C... [ 12 ] [ 13 ] characteristics [ edit ] the Iberians had extensive contact with Greek colonists the... All had significant ancestry from the Russian steppe and Africa ; and Greek imports frequent! Brown eyes to black to blue such as the Alps, and Africa ; and imports! Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians characteristics come from, her Iberian heritage is one explanation... Sylvanus ), inhabits this Mediterranean basin while every effort has been made to follow citation style rules there... Physical characteristics come from, her Iberian heritage is one possible explanation,. For shoes possible explanation why we look how we do Holder for media is the Germanic Europe ethnicity. The location of another big settlement Greeks also dubbed as `` Iberians '' another people in the Spanish colonies Emporion... [ 6 ] the Iberian lynx ( L. rufus ) and the Development of Roman Imperialism, BC... Place-Names on the outside of the shoulders, and the Canadian lynx ( lynx!
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