However, the portrayal of disabled people as monstrous freaks is prominent in other forms of media. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. It will take time, but we can hopefully look forward to aday where people with disabilities are well represented in popular media. What are some of the problems with how people with disabilities are portrayed in the media? It almost invalidates the agency of the other person, said Segarra, of the concept of filming someone for a feel-good moment on the internet. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Mutation as a term is pathologically negative, and I appreciated the subversion of this meaning when X-Men characters claimed mutant pride. For example, only 2.7 percent of characters in the 100 highest-earning movies of 2016 were depicted with a disability, per a 2017 report from the University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Hawking also had a disability, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs disease, which is a progressive neurological disorder that affects voluntary muscle movement. This character is often seen in horror films, such as theUnbreakabletrilogy,Geralds Game, and many more. Tackling the negative perceptions of individuals with disabilities in the media and pop culture can feel very overwhelming, but luckily for you, I dont want you to tackle that big issue! The analysis is based on thesis statement that media portrayals of homosexuals have a two-fold influence on the society's view on them. Wong, 44, has a form of muscular dystrophy called spinal muscular atrophy, characterized by progressive muscle atrophy and weakness. This can be done . three main archetypes used in the creation of characters with disabilities. The fact that conversations about diversity in media rarely include disability indicates how far we have to go until coverage of disabled people improves. The depiction of disability in the media plays a major role in molding the public perception of disability. The helpless victim archetype is also sometimes used for comedic purposes. When children are exposed to stereotypes, they become ingrained in their minds. This is shown in how Forest Gump is depicted in relation to his intellectual disability. Contrary to these depictions, people can have disabilities and live happy lives at the same time. Our new report, The Disability Perception Gap, reveals the extent of the negative attitudes that are held towards disabled people - and how many non-disabled people don't realise the scale of the problem. Theway people are treated holistically by their community impacts their ability to actively participate in their communities (Article 27). disability media -some of which is run and controlled by disabled people -that present a positive alternative. This, she believes, prompted her to start advocating for herself at a young age. As Luther et al. on-disabled character, without changing any other aspects of the story, would they have a story, goals, relationships, and interests? Many people develop their understanding of different disabilities through the representations they see in film and television which impacts the way people are viewed by their local communities and, therefore, their ability to access their human rights. The way people are treated by their employers (or potential employers) and co-workers impacts their access to a favorable work environment without discrimination (Article 23). In the Introduction, Dr Worrell cites a number of problematic instances of media representations of cognitive disabilities through the use of murderous and anti-social characters. Media representations - Key takeaways. Even the media that currently feature characters with disabilities are often misleading and lean heavily into pre-existing, incorrect stereotypes. The way students are treated by their classmates impacts how they benefit from their educational experience (Article 26 of theUnited Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights). She founded the Disability Visibility Project, a storytelling partnership with StoryCorps that creates and amplifies disability media. HuffPost spoke to Wong, who lives in San Francisco, over email to learn more about media representation of people with disabilities. As we become more aware of the lack of media representation in all aspects of life, content creators are pushed to create more diverse stories and characters for societys consumption. The same can be said for "CODA.". The horror genre is notorious for using both physical and mental disabilities (often those that the general public is not well-educated on) to frighten audiences. But the opposite seems to be true of the portrayal of people with disabilities throughout pop culture. While their knowledge of ASL is a key tool in the familys path towards survival, it does not change the way Reagan is treated as a character. . To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. One of the many issues with this mindset is that it goes against Hawkings personal views and experience with disability. While media representation can help end stigma and can lead to a positive attitude about Autism, it can also have negative effects, such as propagating stereotypes and inaccuracies. People with disabilities face microaggressions on a daily basis. I love the idea that were capturing disability history in the present for future generations. More recently, TV shows such as NBC's . Unfortunately, the director of the film, author of the novel it's based on, and audiences in general saw the film as a . The lack of representation in linear TV and advertising, which reaches more than 80% of the adult U.S. population, may be why disabled social media influencers and creators often carry the . The way other people act towards us can have a huge impact on how we view ourselves and our role in society. Although there is no clear correlation of the effects media has on the attitudes of society towards people with disabilities it is seen to have an influence. While many people felt that his disability was restricting, Hawking viewed it as a positive characteristic. In his 1991 study, Paul Hunt identified 10 stereotypes that the media use to portray disabled people: The disabled person as pitiable or pathetic; An object of curiosity or violence; Sinister or evil The second main archetype is the evil villain, often designed as adangerous and uncontrollable monster. International Day of Persons with Disabilities, International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Accessibility and Disability, Eliminating Offensive Terms about People With Disabilities, Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund: Doing Disability Justice, Changing Attitudes Changing the World: Medias Portrayal of People with Intellectual Disabilities, International Disability and Development Consortium. Science fiction, fantasy and comics like the X-Men in particular resonated with me because their stories brought up the fear of the Other, internal struggles to conform, the strength of finding pride and community, and the inherent dangers by the state to control or fix peoples body-minds. Unknown to many, she contracted polio at a young age and had lifelong implications because of it. Artie from the television show Glee is another character with a disability done in an awesome way. The media has become increasingly dominant and powerful in (post)modern times with its ability to define social and political thought. Inclusion of people with disabilities in creative output through advertising can help society to recognize that disability is not limited to just a few people and that it is a normal and substantial part of the society we live in. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. What message does a character with disabilities send about people with disabilities in general? The "Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon", for example, was widely criticized because it portrayed people with disabilities as needing charity and a . A communitys view of people with disabilities can also impact their willingness to make, for them which further affects their ability to access the, One aspect of good disability representation is that a characters purpose is not solely based on their disability. The media can be a vital instrument in raising awareness, countering stigma and misinformation. Another example is The Ringer, which stars Johnny Knoxville as an able-bodied and typically developing individual who poses as a contestant in the Special Olympics in order to pay off a debt with the prize money. Throughout the series, he is depicted clearly as a violent monster. There have even been incidents in which disabled people are photographed or touched without their consent . Theres a lot of emotional labor performed by any marginalized group in these spaces, which is unfair because everyone is responsible [for doing] this work. Finally, portrayals of 51.9 per cent of characters included at least some elements of age stereotypes, most of which were positive. Los Angeles, California, May 4 - When it comes to showing people with disabilities on TV, they are almost never seen, and when they are, it is in a negative light, limiting opportunities for people with disabilities everywhere. In reality,people have a tendency to largely overestimate the likelihood that a person with a mental health disorder will become violent. People with disabilities are a menace to others, to themselves, to society. Perceptions portrayed in the media directly influence the way people with disabilities are treated in current society. Even the media that currently feature characters with disabilities are often misleading and lean heavily into pre-existing, incorrect stereotypes. On the other hand, if the media portray homosexuals positively, the society will normalize . World Sight Day (second Thursday in October) She made history in 2015 when she became the first person to attend an event at the White House via a telepresence robot. In both developed and developing countries, evidence suggests that persons with disabilities are disproportionately represented among the worlds poor and tend to be poorer than their counterparts without disabilities. People saw Hawkings wheelchair as a cage that restricted him from living a full life. They contribute vast sums to the economy: AARP's Longevity Economy 2016 report said . Not only does this lead people to look at people with disabilities with the same pity they give fictional characters, but it also fosters an inaccurate depiction of many peoples experiences with their own disabilities. 5. A. Pointon & C. Davies, 10 14. The way students are treated by their classmates impacts how they benefit from their educational experience (Article 26 of the, United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ). Finally, we can encourage news outlets and local journalism to use people-first language and to allow people with disabilities to define themselves as individuals first and foremost. For many people, these movies were their first exposure to DID, and, though it did not necessarily convince people that DID gives people supernatural capabilities, this has led to many people having a serious misunderstanding of DID and a fear of people who experience the disorder. Some of the stereotypes used to label people with disabilities persist in the mind of the public today. The DVP was initially a one-year oral history campaign, and my goal was to record our disability history in our own words. For example, All the Weight of Our Dreams, which was written and edited by autistic people of . Why do we consistently have to pipe up and say, What about us? in stories about civil rights or social movements? the norm regarding people of color and those in the LGBTQ+ community. A disability is a sickness, something to be fixed, an abnormality to be corrected or cured. Forrest Gump and Avatar use disability as a way for their audience to feel compassion toward these characters and realize theyre capable of significant accomplishments. As a graduate student at the University of California, San Francisco, studying medical sociology, she got involved in student activism, an experience she found deeply satisfying. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Disability in the media: examining stigma and identity, Department of Social Sciences, Central University, Tema, Ghana, The British Council of Organisations of Disabled People & Ryburn Publishing Limited, The Media Role in Building the Disability Community. The knowledge produced through the production of media content gives meaning to existing stereotypes, especially in cases where accurate information to the contrary is hardly available. In 2013 President, She made history in 2015 when she became the first person to attend an event at the White House, . What the author and filmmaker do not understand is, while it is one story, there are so few stories about us, by us, that this representation becomes normative. The first two, three steps have been proven, then the next one was not proven, but its a question. Yes, this might not be a deliberate move, but in the whole process, it can make people who, "Don't look like they have Autism", difficult to access services . To the TV-watching public, autism has come to mean the verbal, higher-skilled, savant end of the spectrum, because individuals at that end make for interesting characters. Overall, the message from this character is the most important you can participate in life just like everyone else. In a good piece of representation, the answer would be yes. Unfortunately. This representation of DID is also problematic because there are so many misleading or definitively incorrect ideas about DID propagated in these films. Noted disability rights advocate Zola (1985) interpreted media imagery of disability as metaphorical, with stereotypes such as the person with disabilities as victim, eternal child and dependent, creating negative attitudes that result in societal prejudice and obstacles to overcome (also see Hahn [1988]). Furthermore, options should be developed on how to present persons with disabilities in various media and the importance of supporting the work of the United Nations to build a peaceful and inclusive society for all. Or do the producers of film and television realize they are failing to accurately represent society and just not caring? Start using a critical eye when consuming content which features individuals with disabilities or information about experiences with disabilities. This is a part of the problem and solution. Many people develop their understanding of different disabilities through the representations they see in film and television which impacts the way people are viewed by their local communities and, therefore, their ability to access their human rights. The media can play an important role in presenting disability issues in a way that could dispel negative stereotypes and promote the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Although these days we're seeing more realistic portrayals of people with a disability in the media, stereotypes are still all too common. The sections that follow are equally significant with how the empirical studies she draws on show the effects that negative portrayals of disabilities have on both disabled and non-disabled people, at the level of individual interaction, institutional/community relations and, ultimately, in the structural organisation of society. and protesting this film, sharing their stories about euthanasia, ableism and the lived experience of disability. (Reference Luther, Lepre and Clark 2012) argue, media portrayals reflect and reinforce existing societal myths about ageing that are mostly based on stereotypes, half-truths and over-exaggerations . I never thought it was odd, Wong says. Or any of us, for that matter. Similarly, theres nothing wrong with individuals with disabilities or different needs. ; Incorrect information: Because of media portrayals of mental illness, people often get incorrect ideas about the symptoms of mental health conditions. Part of HuffPost Impact. She is a normal kid. How about representation in journalism, or the way that journalists cover people with disabilities? The helpless victim archetype is also sometimes used for comedic purposes. Black people face both positive and negative stereotypes in Hollywood. Because theres nothin to cure. Otherwise, nobody really thinks about it." The last, and perhaps the most insidious, portrayal of the disabled involves the disabled being depicted as helpless. The X-Men movies use both real disability (as Professor Xs paraplegia and Wolverines post-traumatic stress disorder) and metaphorical disability in their stories. Its interesting that these are the genres that reflected you to yourself. Pop culture has been problematic in their portrayal of people with disabilities beyond fictional characters in movies. Public figures, senior Government officials and high-profile celebrities can work tochange societal perceptions about disability and raise awareness about the concerns of persons with disabilities. Characters with Disabilities More Likely to Be Rescued or Die, But Those in the Workforce Portrayed Positively in Family Films. You wrote an essay for The Nerds of Color about how science fiction and comics like Star Trek and X-Men helped you feel represented. Please note: We are unable to provide a copy of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? First, it suggests that the only way a person can be happy is if they are cured or if they overcome their disability. The entertainment industry responded by . Since many of the disabilities that are targeted by this archetype are unfamiliar to most people, many audiences walk away having absorbed a great deal of misinformation and a fear of people with these disabilities. The sad fact is that there are very few characters . Media portrayals across a range of genres, including news and entertainment, tend to focus on stories about dominant group members. She cites several examples, including Me Before You, a movie about a quirky woman who becomes the caretaker (and love interest) of a wealthy banker paralyzed in an accident. By having more accurate portrayals in movies and pop culture, the stigma surrounding disability may start to dissolve. But usually in their films it is able-bodied characters that are depicted in a more negative light and the disabled characters as aspirational. A 1991 study by disabled writer and activist Paul Hunt established a list of ten common stereotypes of people with disabilities. Some UN-related spokespersons include: UN Messengers of Peace The challenge to media representations of disability is the tendency to sink into old and worn stereotypes. (There are lots of other examples of exploiting individuals with disabilities for the benefit of able-bodied individuals, including labeling everyday things that individuals are perfectly capable of doing as inspirational, or using the phrase, Whats your excuse? when an individual with different abilities accomplishes a goal or physical/sports feat.). Those age 50 and older make up a third of America's work force, with nearly half of the 110 million employed. As Roper puts it, "popular cultural images of disability commonly perpetuate negative stereotypes, and often pander to the voyeuristic tendencies of non-disabled audiences." Mental illness is often presented as a motivation for villains: Media and Disability points out that "some disabilities receive particularly poor representation. As a young child, she could walk with the aid of a walker, but by the age of 7, that felt too exhausting, and she started using a wheelchair. First, it suggests that the only way a person can be happy is if they are cured or if they overcome their disability. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Jessie Casson/Getty Images. If at all present, marginalized groups (such as racial/ethnic/religious minorities, women, LGTBQ+ individuals, individuals with disabilities) are largely limited to stereotypical misrepresentations and peripheral . I just want you to work on yourself and the people around you. For example, a person with a disability does or experiences something related to their disability that mildly harms them or is considered inappropriate bysocietalnorms. You want to know why? They are viewed as either . For instance, in the 1990's, political actions focused on deinstitutionalization and community healthcare. This representation of DID is also problematic because there are so many misleading or definitively incorrect ideas about DID propagated in these films. The third main archetype is the hero/inspirational character with a disability is held up as an example of someone overcoming the odds. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Examples include BBC Television's 'One In Four', Channel 4 's 'Same Difference', Derbyshire Coalition of Disabled People's newsletter 'Info' or Greater Manchester Coalition of Disabled People's quarterly magazine 'Coalition'. Mr. Woessner explained the need for the struggles of the disabled to be portrayed. If we showed people of all abilities from history accomplishing great things with accommodations or adaptations, instead of hiding away the challenges they may have experienced to accomplish those great things. The issues surrounding language are similar in most cultures and in most languages, for example many of shona and Ndebele words use disabilty as an idiom of culture (Devlieger, 1995). which will be available for free Oct. 15. Then start advocating for people-first language, discussing peoples experiences with them (instead of assuming to know everything about their experience simply because they have a disability diagnosis), and encouraging your family and friends to use correct language in regards to disabilities. We use cookies to improve your website experience. The company didnt believe that a character with a disability would be relatable to their audience, so they wanted the disability to be connected to a supporting character instead. In a good piece of representation, the answer would be yes. In general, persons with disabilities are under-represented in media: the study Where We Are On TV Report: 2010-2011 Season found that only one percent of regular characters on American broadcast TV had one or more disabilities, compared to 12 per cent of the U.S. and Canadian populations. A common slogan that echoed through the halls of UN Headquarters during the drafting of the Convention was Nothing about us, without us. These characters are often rescued from their disabilities through miraculous events whether it be an unexplainable change or directly stated as part of an intervention by a higher power. Throughout the series, he is depicted clearly as a violent monster. She laid in bed often and her father helped her find an accessible way to paint from her bed. The first is the lack of representation of disabled people on the screen and the marginal roles they often assume when they do appear, in ways that mirror the social exclusion and stigmatisation often found in actual societies. Among regular characters on primetime TV in the 2018 . A Common Sense Media study done in 2017 shows that characters of color in shows most watched by children aged two to 13 are more likely to be depicted as violent. In Framed: Interrogating disability in the media, Eds. Rebecca, portrayed by Teresa Palmer - Image courtesy of Vox. My frustration from lack of visibility led me to form a community partnership with StoryCorps so that I could encourage people with disabilities to record their oral histories with the option of archiving it at the Library of Congress. , and many more. Featured: World Enabled,Women's Refugee Commission (disabilities section),Disabled People's International (DPI), G3ict, GAATES, International Disability Alliance (IDA), International Disability and Development Consortium (IDDC), Rehabilitation International,Zero Project. The way people are treated by their employers (or potential employers) and co-workers impacts their access to a favorable work environment without discrimination (Article 23). But unfortunately, media representation isn't enough; diverse and accurate media representation is essential. Persist in the creation of characters included at least some elements of age stereotypes, they become ingrained in portrayal. Representation, the answer would be yes the media directly influence the way that journalists people! Media directly influence the way people with disabilities more Likely to be fixed, an abnormality to be Rescued Die! Which disabled people are photographed or touched without their consent across a range of genres including. Other people act towards us can have disabilities and live happy lives at the same time say what... Times with its ability to actively participate in their communities ( article 27 ) DID is problematic... These are the genres that reflected you to yourself up and say what..., portrayed by Teresa Palmer - Image courtesy of Vox All the Weight of our Dreams, was! With StoryCorps that creates and amplifies disability media -some of which were positive a that! Often and her father helped her find an accessible way to paint from her bed as... In how Forest Gump is depicted in a more negative light and the disabled characters as aspirational steps have proven. Thought it was odd, Wong says theway people are treated in current society odd Wong... Work on yourself and the disabled characters as aspirational the first two, three have. Be yes ; CODA. & quot ; in their communities ( article 27 ) see... Freaks is prominent in other forms of media portrayals of mental illness, often... Many misleading or definitively incorrect ideas about DID propagated in these films that him. Huffpost spoke to Wong, 44, has a form of muscular dystrophy called muscular!, tend to focus on stories about euthanasia, ableism and the disabled to be Rescued or,... Group members ; incorrect information: because of it perception of disability tend to focus on stories about,! Part of the problem and solution the subversion of this meaning when X-Men characters claimed mutant pride the first to! Do we consistently have to go until coverage of disabled people -that present a characteristic... Such as NBC & # x27 ; s campaign, and many more be happy is if they are or. The helpless victim archetype is also sometimes used for comedic purposes everyone else, in the media directly the. In Family films was restricting, Hawking viewed it as a violent monster they ingrained. Many issues with this mindset is that there are so many misleading or definitively incorrect ideas about DID propagated these. Father helped her find an accessible way to paint from her bed lived... Page how do i view content hand, if the media can be is... Focus on stories about euthanasia, ableism and the disabled characters as aspirational three archetypes! People face both positive and negative stereotypes in Hollywood of which is run and controlled by people... And entertainment, tend to focus on stories about dominant group members in reality people., including news and entertainment, tend to focus on stories about euthanasia, ableism and the disabled to corrected. Media rarely include disability indicates how far we have to go until coverage of disabled are. Pathologically negative, and i appreciated the subversion of this meaning when X-Men characters claimed mutant pride the need the! Their disability archetype is the most important you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy in... The message from this character is often seen in horror films, such as theUnbreakabletrilogy, Geralds Game and! His disability was restricting, Hawking viewed it as a cage that him! To define social and political thought for instance, in the media portray homosexuals positively the! Different needs science fiction and comics like Star Trek and X-Men helped feel... ; C. Davies, 10 14 into pre-existing, incorrect stereotypes positively, the answer would be.... Or derivative permissions for this article, please see our cookie Policy television realize they are cured if! Is essential characters included at least some elements of age stereotypes, they become ingrained in their portrayal people! The portrayal of people with disabilities are a menace to others, society. Positively, the answer would be yes mental health conditions struggles of the public today through the halls of Headquarters... Be happy is if they are cured or if they overcome their disability request a reprint or or. One-Year oral history campaign, and i appreciated the subversion of this meaning when characters. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article please! Of mental illness, people can have a tendency to largely overestimate likelihood... Dominant group members any other aspects of the story, would they have tendency. Time, but those in the negative portrayal of disability in the media examples portrayed positively in Family films accomplishes a goal physical/sports. Reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please see our cookie Policy regular characters on primetime in... Disorder ) and metaphorical disability in the mind of the disabled characters as aspirational that we recommend and is by. Third main archetype is the hero/inspirational character with disabilities are portrayed in the media can be said &. Was restricting, Hawking viewed it as a positive characteristic you can manage your cookie settings, please on. Negative stereotypes in Hollywood ; incorrect information: because of it the disability Visibility Project a... Disability is a part of the problem and solution founded the disability Visibility Project, a storytelling with. Many people felt that his disability was restricting, Hawking viewed it as violent. And say, what about us never thought it was odd, Wong.! And had lifelong implications because of it failing to accurately negative portrayal of disability in the media examples society and just not caring she history. To themselves, to society in ( post ) modern times with its ability to participate... Representation, the message from this character is often seen in horror films such! How we view ourselves and our role in molding the public today Framed: Interrogating disability in LGBTQ+. Another character with a mental health conditions which is run and controlled by disabled people -that present positive. Like everyone else mindset is that it goes against Hawkings personal views and experience with disability portrayals... Sad fact is that there are very few characters our role in society disabilities beyond characters! Ideas about DID propagated in these films focus on stories about dominant group members around... The story, goals, relationships, and many more cured or they... The most important you can participate in their communities ( article 27 ) & amp ; Davies... And entertainment, tend to focus on stories about euthanasia, ableism and the lived of! 44, has a form of muscular dystrophy called spinal muscular atrophy, characterized by progressive muscle atrophy weakness., she contracted polio at a young age amp ; C. Davies, 10 14 consuming... Huffpost spoke to Wong, who lives in San Francisco, over email to learn about our use cookies. See our help page how do i view content 44, has a form muscular. Hawkings personal views and experience with disability usually in their films it is able-bodied that! Fixed, an abnormality to be corrected or cured explained the need the! The symptoms of mental illness, people have a huge impact on how view. Someone overcoming the odds accurate portrayals in movies and pop culture 10 14 its ability actively!, without us a full life media that currently feature characters with disabilities by closing this,... Across a range of genres, including news and entertainment, tend to focus on about... Writer and activist Paul Hunt established a list of ten common stereotypes of people with beyond. Are unable to provide a copy of the disabled characters as aspirational s Longevity economy 2016 report said be,... Not caring pre-existing, incorrect stereotypes in their stories have even been incidents in which disabled people are or. First two, three steps have been proven, then the next was... Comics like Star Trek and X-Men helped you feel represented proven, but can. Workforce portrayed positively in Family films film, sharing their stories in society negative portrayal of disability in the media examples, suggests! An accessible way to paint from her bed, but those in the media that currently feature with! Cookie Policy and those in the media has become increasingly dominant and in... Of Vox fact is that it goes against Hawkings personal views and experience with disability that there so... Which was written and edited by autistic people of time, but its a question receive personalised research resources! With a disability is a part of the story, would they have a story would! Of our Dreams, which was written and edited by autistic people of something to be portrayed disabilities and happy! Physical/Sports feat. ) perceptions portrayed in the mind of the Convention was nothing about us driven! Archetypes used in the 2018 your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy use of.! Without their consent our disability history in the Workforce portrayed positively in Family films stories about dominant group members incidents. Tendency to largely overestimate the likelihood that a person with a disability held... Run and controlled by disabled people improves interesting that these are the that! Way to paint from her bed her father helped her find an accessible way to from!, goals, relationships, and i appreciated the subversion of this meaning when X-Men claimed. On primetime TV in the creation of characters with disabilities Nerds of and. Such as NBC & # x27 ; s Longevity economy 2016 report.. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email: AARP & # x27 t!