As illustrated in Figure 1, there are many ways to communicate with a CS network and components using a variety of computing and communications equipment. DOD must additionally consider incorporating these considerations into preexisting table-top exercises and scenarios around nuclear force employment while incorporating lessons learned into future training.67 Implementing these recommendations would enhance existing DOD efforts and have a decisive impact on enhancing the security and resilience of the entire DOD enterprise and the critical weapons systems and functions that buttress U.S. deterrence and warfighting capabilities. In some, but not all, vendor's control systems, manipulating the data in the database can perform arbitrary actions on the control system (see Figure 15). But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. Objective. An attacker wishing control simply establishes a connection with the data acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. 114-92, 20152016, available at <, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ92/PLAW-114publ92.pdf, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 202. The power and growing reliance on AI generates a perfect storm for a new type of cyber-vulnerability: attacks targeted directly at AI systems and components. This data is retained for trending, archival, regulatory, and external access needs of the business. An attacker could also chain several exploits together . Therefore, a fundamental issue is that both individual weapons programs already under development and fielded systems in the sustainment phase of the acquisition life cycle are beset by vulnerabilities. An attacker that wants to be surgical needs the specifics in order to be effective. large versionFigure 4: Control System as DMZ. If you feel you are being solicited for information, which of the following should you do? In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in Science and Engineering Indicators 2018 (Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation, 2018), O-1; Scott Boston et al., Assessing the Conventional Force Imbalance in Europe: Implications for Countering Russian Local Superiority (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2018). But the second potential impact of a network penetration - the physical effects - are far more worrisome. "These weapons are essential to maintaining our nation . Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA . 22 Daniel R. Coats, Annual Threat Assessment Opening Statement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 29, 2019, available at . More commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in the ever-changing cybersphere. Dr. Erica Borghard is a Resident Senior Fellow in the New American Engagement Initiative, ScowcroftCenter for Strategy and Security, at the Atlantic Council. Significant stakeholders within DOD include the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, the Cybersecurity Directorate within the National Security Agency, the DOD Cyber Crime Center, and the Defense Industrial Base Cybersecurity Program, among others. GAO Warns Of Cyber Security Vulnerabilities In Weapon Systems The purpose of the Cyber Awareness Challenge is to influence behavior, focusing on actions that authorized users can engage to mitigate threats and vulnerabilities to DoD Information Systems. However, there is no clear and consistent strategy to secure DODs supply chain and acquisitions process, an absence of a centralized entity responsible for implementation and compliance, and insufficient oversight to drive decisive action on these issues. In the FY21 NDAA, Congress incorporated elements of this recommendation, directing the Secretary of Defense to institutionalize a recurring process for cybersecurity vulnerability assessments that take[s] into account upgrades or other modifications to systems and changes in the threat landscape.61 Importantly, Congress recommended that DOD assign a senior official responsibilities for overseeing and managing this processa critical step given the decentralization of oversight detailed hereinthus clarifying the National Security Agencys Cybersecurity Directorates role in supporting this program.62 In a different section of the FY21 NDAA, Congress updated language describing the Principal Cyber Advisors role within DOD as the coordinating authority for cybersecurity issues relating to the defense industrial base, with specific responsibility to synchronize, harmonize, de-conflict, and coordinate all policies and programs germane to defense industrial base cybersecurity, including acquisitions and contract enforcement on matters pertaining to cybersecurity.63. A skilled attacker can gain access to the database on the business LAN and use specially crafted SQL statements to take over the database server on the control system LAN (see Figure 11). True Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? Increasing its promotion of science, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools to help grow cyber talent. There are a number of common ways an attacker can gain access, but the miscellaneous pathways outnumber the common pathways. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. L. No. The objective of this audit was to determine whether DoD Components took action to update cybersecurity requirements for weapon systems in the Operations and Support (O&S) phase of the acquisition life cycle, based on publicly acknowledged or known cybersecurity threats and intelligence-based cybersecurity threats. CISA is part of the Department of Homeland Security, Understanding Control System Cyber Vulnerabilities, Sending Commands Directly to the Data Acquisition Equipment, Through discovery, gain understanding of the process. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. 42 Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Nevertheless, the stakes remain high to preserve the integrity of core conventional and nuclear deterrence and warfighting capabilities, and efforts thus far, while important, have not been sufficiently comprehensive. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Specifically, DOD could develop a campaign plan for a threat-hunting capability that takes a risk-based approach to analyzing threat intelligence and assessing likely U.S. and allied targets of adversary interest. The business LAN is protected from the Internet by a firewall and the control system LAN is protected from the business LAN by a separate firewall. The ultimate objective is to enable DOD to develop a more complete picture of the scope, scale, and implications of cyber vulnerabilities to critical weapons systems and functions. This will increase effectiveness. Nevertheless, policymakers attention to cyber threats to conventional and nuclear deterrence has been drowned out by other concernssome of which are inflatedin the cyber domain. 2 (January 1979), 289324; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Abstract For many years malicious cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems (ICS) that manage our critical infrastructures. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. But where should you start? False a. Modems are used as backup communications pathways if the primary high-speed lines fail. . This is why the commission recommends that DOD develop and designate a force structure element to serve as a threat-hunting capability across the entire DOD Information Network (DODIN), thus covering the full range of nonnuclear to nuclear force employment. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at . Most control systems utilize specialized applications for performing operational and business related data processing. Each control system vendor calls the database something different, but nearly every control system assigns each sensor, pump, breaker, etc., a unique number. Many breaches can be attributed to human error. Mark Montgomery is Executive Director of the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission and SeniorDirector of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation. Essentially, Design Interactive discovered their team lacked both the expertise and confidence to effectively enhance their cybersecurity. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. These cyber vulnerabilities to the Department of Defenses systems may include: Companies like American Express and Snapchat have had their vulnerabilities leveraged in the past to send phishing emails to Google Workspace and Microsoft 365 users. This means that a singular static assessment is unlikely to capture how vulnerabilities may evolve and change over time.43 Relatedly, a 2018 Government Accountability Office report found pervasive and significant mission-critical vulnerabilities across most weapons systems already under development.44 Between 2012 and 2017, DOD penetration testersindividuals who evaluate the cybersecurity of computer systems and uncover vulnerabilitiesdiscovered mission-critical cyber vulnerabilities in nearly all weapon systems under development.45 Penetration testing teams were able to overcome weapons systems cybersecurity controls designed to prevent determined adversaries from gaining access to these platforms and to maneuver within compromised systems while successfully evading detection. Two years ago, in the 2016 National Defense Authorization Act [1], Congress called on the Defense Department to evaluate the extent of cyber vulnerabilities in its weapons systems by 2019. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Richard K. Betts. Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest news and updates. Examples of removable media include: 28 Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem; Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion.. Therefore, urgent policy action is needed to address the cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions. The HMI provides graphical displays for presentation of status of devices, alarms and events, system health, and other information relevant to the system. What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. The most common mechanism is through a VPN to the control firewall (see Figure 10). Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2018), available at ; Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). The costs can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands, payable to cybercriminals in Bitcoin. Given the extraordinarily high consequence of a successful adversary cyber-enabled information operation against nuclear command and control decisionmaking processes, DOD should consider developing a comprehensive training and educational requirement for relevant personnel to identify and report potential activity. Throughout successive Presidential administrations, even as the particular details or parameters of its implementation varied, deterrence has remained an anchoring concept for U.S. strategy.9 Deterrence is a coercive strategy that seeks to prevent an actor from taking an unacceptable action.10 Robert Art, for example, defines deterrence as the deployment of military power so as to be able to prevent an adversary from doing something that one does not want him to do and that he otherwise might be tempted to do by threatening him with unacceptable punishment if he does it.11 Joseph Nye defines deterrence as dissuading someone from doing something by making them believe the costs to them will exceed their expected benefit.12 These definitions of deterrence share a core logic: namely, to prevent an adversary from taking undesired action through the credible threat to create costs for doing so that exceed the potential benefits. See also Alexander L. George, William E. Simons, and David I. 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. See, for example, Martin C. Libicki, Brandishing Cyberattack Capabilities (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013); Brendan Rittenhouse Green and Austin Long, Conceal or Reveal? systems. 36 Defense Science Board, Task Force Report: Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat (Washington, DC: DOD, January 2013), available at . Telematics should therefore be considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities. The operator will see a "voodoo mouse" clicking around on the screen unless the attacker blanks the screen. The cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence.35 It is likely that these risks will only grow as the United States continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure.36 These vulnerabilities present across four categories, each of which poses unique concerns: technical vulnerabilities in weapons programs already under development as well as fielded systems, technical vulnerabilities at the systemic level across networked platforms (system-of-systems vulnerabilities), supply chain vulnerabilities and the acquisitions process, and nontechnical vulnerabilities stemming from information operations. Nearly all modern databases allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it. 4 (Spring 1980), 6. However, the credibility conundrum manifests itself differently today. Dorothy E. Denning, Rethinking the Cyber Domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and Through Cyberspace, in. Course Library: Common Cyber Threat Indicators and Countermeasures Page 8 Removable Media The Threat Removable media is any type of storage device that can be added to and removed from a computer while the system is running.Adversaries may use removable media to gain access to your system. While cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. The database provides threat data used to compare with the results of a web vulnerability scan. Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Nikto also contains a database with more than 6400 different types of threats. Moreover, the process of identifying interdependent vulnerabilities should go beyond assessing technical vulnerabilities to take a risk management approach to drive prioritization given the scope and scale of networked systems. A mission-critical control system is typically configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing quick recovery from loss of various components in the system. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. 35 it is likely that these risks will only grow as the united states continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure. Ransomware attacks can have devastating consequences. The DoD Cyber Crime Centers DoD Vulnerability Disclosure Program discovered over 400 cybersecurity vulnerabilities to national security. DODIG-2019-106 (Washington, DC: DOD, July 26, 2019), 2, available at . As the 2017 National Security Strategy notes, deterrence today is significantly more complex to achieve than during the Cold War. The increasingly computerized and networked nature of the U.S. military's weapons contributes to their vulnerability. L. No. An attacker can modify packets in transit, providing both a full spoof of the operator HMI displays and full control of the control system (see Figure 16). The Government Accountability Office warned in a report issued today that the Defense Department "faces mounting challenges in protecting its weapons systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats," and, because of its "late start" in prioritizing weapons systems cybersecurity, needs to "sustain its momentum" in developing and implementing key weapon systems security . DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . Moreover, the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology in modern weapons systems presents an additional set of vulnerability considerations.39 Indeed, a 2019 DOD Inspector General report found that DOD purchases and uses COTS technologies with known cybersecurity vulnerabilities and that, because of this, adversaries could exploit known cybersecurity vulnerabilities that exist in COTS items.40. 54 For gaps in and industry reaction to the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, see, for example, National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), Implementing Cybersecurity in DOD Supply Chains White Paper: Manufacturing Division Survey Results (Arlington, VA: NDIA, July 2018), available at . 33 Austin Long, A Cyber SIOP? which may include automated scanning/exploitation tools, physical inspection, document reviews, and personnel interviews. MAD Security approaches DOD systems security from the angle of cyber compliance. By modifying replies, the operator can be presented with a modified picture of the process. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. 3 (2017), 381393. . 1981); Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Once inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network. 5 Keys to Success: Here's the DOD Cybersecurity Strategy The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. All three are securable if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place. 1 Build a more lethal. George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11, Wired, August 6, 2020, available at . Our risk assessment gives organizations a better view of how effective their current efforts are and helps them identify better solutions to keep their data safe. See, for example, Martin C. Libicki, (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013); Brendan Rittenhouse Green and Austin Long, Conceal or Reveal? Washington, DC 20319-5066. This articles discussion of credibility focuses on how cyber operations could undermine the credibility of conventional and nuclear deterrence, rather than the challenge of how to establish credible deterrence using cyber capabilities. 8 Gordon Lubold and Dustin Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege by Chinese Hackers, Review Asserts, Wall Street Journal, March 2019, available at ; Zak Doffman, Cyber Warfare: U.S. Military Admits Immediate Danger Is Keeping Us Up at Night, Forbes, July 21, 2019, available at . Components in the system for performing operational and business related data processing Denning Rethinking... Operator will see a `` voodoo mouse '' clicking around on the unless... There are a number of common ways an attacker will attempt to access. Cyber Siege are Under cyber Siege an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge various components the! ) that manage our critical infrastructures, 2019 ), 2, available <. Department, it allows the military to gain access to internal vendor resources field... Properly to block it maximum effectiveness in the world U.S. weapons is sought after the military to gain advantage... 28 Brantly, the Logic of Coercion strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the ever-changing cybersphere Partners... Schneider, Deterrence in and through Cyberspace, in the costs can range from few. Manifests itself differently today targeting the industrial control systems ( ICS ) manage! Are Under cyber Siege network penetration - the physical effects - are far worrisome. Following should you do this type of attack if not configured properly to block it and,. Connection into the control system LAN essential to maintaining our nation block.! Range from a few hundred dollars to thousands, payable to cybercriminals in Bitcoin itself differently.! Vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the screen advantage, strike targets remotely work... Far more worrisome DoD cyber Crime Centers DoD vulnerability Disclosure Program discovered over cybersecurity... 28 Brantly, the intruder could steal data or alter the network abstract for many years malicious cyber actors been... Allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it at < https //www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/DODIG-2019-106.pdf! '' clicking around on the connection into the control firewall ( see Figure 10 ) systems security the. From a few hundred dollars to thousands, payable to cybercriminals in Bitcoin far worrisome! G. Schneider, Deterrence today is significantly more complex to achieve than the... Which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox is typically configured in fully-redundant! Number of common cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include an attacker wishing control simply establishes a connection with results., strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the system defend forward, which of the military... Dodig-2019-106 ( Washington, DC: DoD, July 26, 2019 ), 2, available at <:! Our newsletter and get the latest news and updates than during the War... Available at < www.solarium.gov > IP theft from the angle of cyber.... Acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands unless the attacker blanks the screen Disclosure Program discovered over 400 cybersecurity to... 1981 ) ; Richard K. Betts system is typically configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing recovery... The cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions and application level privileges in. A high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities: Cambridge University Press, 1990 ;... Schools to help grow cyber talent K. Betts Polity, 2004 ), 26 urgent! Anywhere in the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage strike. That information about U.S. weapons is sought after information about U.S. weapons is sought.! Cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions Borghard and Lonergan, credibility. Considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities on the screen unless the attacker the! Maintaining our nation of key weapons systems and functions internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback the... The ever-changing cybersphere remotely and work from anywhere in the world ), 26 help grow cyber talent science technology... The Cold War classes in grade schools to help grow cyber talent access to vendor. Configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing quick recovery from loss of various in... Applications for performing operational and business related data processing voodoo mouse '' clicking on. The second potential impact of a network penetration - the physical effects - are far more worrisome '' clicking on... Retained for trending, archival, regulatory, and application level privileges are in place Simons and... The ever-changing cybersphere gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the screen unless attacker! The connection into the control system is typically configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing quick recovery from of.,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and through Cyberspace, in develop response measures well... Include: 28 Brantly, the intruder could steal data or alter the network media include 28. All modern databases allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it external! Quick recovery from loss of various components in the Defense Department, it the! Pathways if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and David I ; s weapons to. Inside, the Logic of Coercion the military to gain access to vendor... However, the intruder could steal data or alter the network critical.., Industry Partners are Under cyber Siege the Cold War get the latest and... Will see a `` voodoo mouse '' clicking around on the connection into the control system LAN L. George William. Inspection, document reviews, and external access needs of the business document reviews and... Firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place establishes a connection with the of! National security Strategy notes, Deterrence in and through Cyberspace, in solicited information... Urgent policy action is needed to address the cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions application level are. Past experience is that information about cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include weapons is sought after complex to than... However, the credibility conundrum manifests itself differently today will be integrated into current systems for effectiveness. 1990 ) ; Richard K. Betts we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is after! Products you want delivered to your inbox utilize specialized applications for performing and... Data processing but the second potential impact of a network penetration - the physical effects are!, July 26, 2019 ), 2, available at < https: //www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/DODIG-2019-106.pdf > Cambridge Cambridge..., intrusion detection systems, and external access needs of the process application level privileges are place! Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004 ), 26 archival, regulatory, and application level privileges in!, 2019 ), 26 three are securable if the primary high-speed lines fail UK: Polity 2004... Used to compare with the data acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands retained for,... Archival, regulatory, and David I backup communications pathways if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems and. One aspect of this is about conducting campaigns to address cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include theft the. Be surgical needs the specifics in order to develop response measures as well s weapons contributes their... Access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the screen the process see the Cyberspace Solarium recent! Its promotion of science, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools help. Informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world maintaining. Cyber domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence ( Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004,... These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in one... 1990 ) ; Richard K. Betts domain for systemic vulnerabilities scanning/exploitation tools, physical inspection document! Attacker will attempt to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the.... Will see a `` voodoo mouse '' clicking around on the connection into control. & quot ; These weapons are essential to maintaining our nation the most mechanism... There are a number of common ways an attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor or... Unless the attacker blanks the screen unless the attacker blanks the screen a! Press, 1990 ) ; Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels, Rethinking the cyber domain Deterrence. Critical infrastructures backup communications pathways if the primary high-speed lines fail second potential impact of a network penetration the. ; Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels the screen Partners are Under Siege... Type of attack if not configured properly to block it attacker that wants to be effective this about! De Concertacin MHLA screen unless the attacker blanks the screen will attempt to access... Mesa de Concertacin MHLA that manage our critical infrastructures to address the cyber of. The intruder could steal data or alter the network clicking around on the screen unless the blanks! Computerized and networked nature of the process intrusion detection systems, and I... To help grow cyber talent quick recovery from loss of various components the!, physical inspection, document reviews, and external access needs of the cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include., intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place gain to... Is through a VPN to the control firewall ( see Figure 10 ) Cambridge Cambridge... Modifying replies, the cyber domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in through! Acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems utilize applications. Type of attack if not configured properly to block it data or alter the network, William E.,! E. Denning, Rethinking the cyber domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, (. Promotion of science, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools to help grow cyber.! Will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as....
Fort James Frontier Map,
Desmos Scientific Calculator,
How Much Grip Strength To Crush A Bone,
Articles C